牛传染性鼻气管炎研究现状

牛传染性鼻气管炎(IBR)是由牛疱疹病毒1型(BoHV-1)引起牛的一种接触性传染病,表现为上呼吸道感染及气管黏膜炎症、呼吸困难等症状,还可引起生殖道感染、脑膜炎、结膜炎、流产等多种病型。该病呈世界性流行,我国部分地区也有发生。BoHV-1感染造成的免疫抑制,容易使其他病原体侵入引发继发感染,从而导致牛呼吸道疾病综合征(BRDC)的发生,给世界养牛业造成了巨大经济损失。论文围绕IBR病原学、流行病学、诊断、防控等方面阐述了近年来牛传染性鼻气管炎的研究进展,以期为牛传染性鼻气管炎的诊断及防控提供参考。     

牛副流感病毒3型感染MDBK细胞后影响天然免疫基因表达的筛选与验证

为筛选与验证牛副流感病毒3型(BPIV3)感染MDBK细胞后天然免疫相关基因的差异表达变化,通过细胞病变观察、Western blot验证病毒HN蛋白表达,以及病毒增殖复制动力学曲线,确定病毒复制情况。利用转录组测序技术,对1MOI基因C型SD2014BPIV3毒株感染MDBK细胞的12h对照组与感染组的差异表达基因进行筛选,最后收集BPIV3感染MDBK不同时间点细胞样本,应用RT-qPCR在转录水平验证了天然免疫相关显著差异基因的表达变化情况。结果表明,BPIV3毒株在MDBK细胞上有较强的复制能力,从病毒感染12h的转录组数据中获得了1 401个显著差异基因,经过筛选获得了9个与天然免疫相关的基因,最后在转录水平验证了MDA5、IRF7、STAT1、ISG65、TRIM25等9个与天然免疫相关基因的表达变化,并验证了其上、下游通路或同一家族基因的表达变化。结果表明,筛选与验证的BPIV3感染MDBK细胞差异表达天然免疫相关基因,为宿主细胞影响病毒复制的分子机制研究奠定了基础。     

鼻咽微生物在牛呼吸道感染中的作用

牛鼻咽部定殖的微生物群是牛抵御呼吸道感染的第一道屏障,其可防止致病菌过度繁殖。认识牛鼻咽微生物菌落的组成和它与牛细菌性支气管肺炎的关系以及在维持牛呼吸系统健康中的作用,不仅有助于预防牛呼吸道疾病,而且有助于开发微生态制剂,减少或替代传统的抗生素治疗。     

基于丝状支原体丝状亚种P35反应原性的验证及其间接ELISA方法的建立

为建立检测丝状支原体丝状亚种(Mmm)的间接ELISA方法,本研究利用生物信息学软件对Mmm的全基因组序列进行了分析,选定大小为540bp的0584基因,该基因是编码分子量为35ku的脂蛋白,并对其免疫反应原性进行研究。利用原核表达系统获得了0584基因的重组蛋白rP35,以牛传染性胸膜肺炎(CBPP)阳性血清为一抗进行western blot分析,试验结果为阴性,但Dot-blot试验结果为阳性,证明该蛋白可能是Mmm特有的一种构象依赖性免疫相关蛋白且具有反应原性。以rP35蛋白为包被抗原,通过反应条件优化初步建立了检测CBPP血清抗体的间接ELISA方法,特异性为88.0%,敏感性为89.8%,批内和批间变异系数均小于10%,与商品化试剂盒符合率为84.8%。本研究为研制CBPP血清检测试剂盒提供了一种候选蛋白。     

青海省湟中县牦牛病毒性腹泻5种相关病原的检测与分析

为了掌握湟中县牦牛病毒性腹泻病原的流行现状,对湟中县内11个乡镇的138份腹泻牦牛粪便样品进行了牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)、牛肠道病毒(BEV)、牛轮状病毒(BRV)、牛冠状病毒(BCV)和牛星状病毒(BAstV) 5种病毒性腹泻致病原进行检测与分析。结果:BVDV、BEV、BRV、BCV和BAstV的平均感染率分别为44. 93%、21. 74%、8. 70%、5. 07%和6. 52%,5种病原中BVDV和BEV在所有乡镇均有流行,BRV、BCV、BAstV在部分乡镇呈散发性流行; 5种病原在1～6月龄犊牦牛中的检出率明显高于6月龄以上成年牦牛。138份腹泻牦牛中存在BVDV、BEV、BRV、BCV、BAstV的单独感染和混合感染,总单感率为53. 62%;共存在10种混感型,总混感率为15. 22%。表明湟中县牦牛存在BVDV、BEV、BRV、BCV和BAstV的感染,且混合感染情况复杂,应引起高度重视。     

Endothelium‐dependent relaxation mechanisms involve nitric oxide and prostanoids in the isolated bovine digital vein

Endothelial dysfunction contributes to the development of ungulate's laminitis. Although extensively studied in equines, the endothelial function is not fully examined in bovine digital veins (BDVs). BDVs were studied under isometric conditions to describe the acetylcholine (ACh) endothelium‐dependent relaxation. Concentration–response curves were constructed to phenylephrine, ACh, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Relaxation responses were evaluated using either phenylephrine or depolarizing high‐potassium Krebs solution (DKS) as precontraction agents. Endothelium denudation and incubation with L‐NAME (300 μM), indomethacin (10 μM) or both were used to explore endothelial‐mediated mechanisms. Endothelium denudation did not modify phenylephrine and SNP responses, however, significantly (p < 0.05) converted a relaxation (63.2 ± 5%) response to ACh into a contraction (30.3±9%). The ACh‐evoked relaxation was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the presence of indomethacin (37.5 ± 6%) and L‐NAME (6.40 ± 2%). The presence of both inhibitors abolished the ACh‐evoked relaxation. Although DKS caused a higher precontraction than phenylephrine, ACh‐evoked relaxation (22.4 ± 3.4%) was still observed and was reduced by the combination of inhibitors (7.0 ± 1.0%). The ACh endothelium‐dependent relaxation in BDVs is essentially mediated by nitric oxide and endothelium‐derived prostanoids. The BDV endothelium function is a dynamic component in the control of the bovine digital blood flow, particularly under endothelial dysfunction conditions when venoconstriction might lead to postcapillary resistance increase.     

Development of a qPCR for the detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) based on the gE gene

1. Infectious laryngotracheitis is a respiratory disease that affects the poultry industry worldwide. It is common in flocks with high-bird density, causing major economic losses.

2. In this study, a SYBR® FAST polymerase chain reaction (PCR) double-strand DNA intercalating agent assay was performed for the detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) in clinical samples in comparison with a conventional nested-PCR, both based on the glycoprotein E encoding gene. This assay amplified 56 bp and was capable of detecting 1⁹ to 1 copies of virus.

3. In total, 164 clinical samples were obtained from birds with respiratory problems from the period of 2009–2016. In the nested-PCR, there were 45.12% positive samples and 54.88% negative samples, while in the real-time PCR (qPCR), there were 81.1% positive samples and 18.9% negative samples.

4. In conclusion, qPCR from the DNA double-strand intercalating agent SYBR® GREEN FAST was useful for the diagnosis of ILTV because it detected samples that were negative in nested-PCR. This assay has advantages, such as a shortened processing-time, and no need for post-amplification processing (electrophoresis) with additional reagents, such as MgCl₂ and agarose. Hence, qPCR proved to be useful, rapid and low cost for use with clinical samples.     

The impact of the chromium supplementation on insulin signalling pathway in different tissues and milk yield in dairy cows

Thirty days before expected time of parturition, 20 Holstein cows were divided into ?Cr and +Cr groups. From day 25 before parturition (BP ) up to day 30 after parturition (AP ), +Cr cows received 10 mg of Cr (chromium‐enriched yeast) daily. Muscle and adipose tissue samples were taken at days ?30, ?10, +7 and +10 related to parturition, when body condition score (BCS ) was also determined. Hepatic tissue samples were taken at days ?10 and +7. Tissue samples were used for determination of the insulin signalling pathway protein expressions. Intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT ) was performed at days ?28, ?7, +10 and +30. Milk yield was recorded during first 14 weeks AP . Milk composition was obtained at days 7 and 28 AP . At day 10 BP , protein content of β ‐subunit of insulin receptor (IR β ) was significantly higher (p ? 0.05) in muscle, and phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 at serine 307 (pIRS ‐1 Ser³⁰⁷) was significantly lower (p ? 0.05) in hepatic tissue of +Cr group. After parturition, pIRS ‐1 Ser³⁰⁷ was significantly lower in muscle tissue at days 7 and 28 (p ? 0.05 and p ? 0.001, respectively), while phosphorylation of Akt at serine 473 (pA kt Ser⁴⁷³) was significantly higher (p ? 0.01) in hepatic tissue at day 7 AP in +Cr group. Chromium had opposite effect on insulin kinetics during IVGTT s obtained BP and AP . Insulin secretion was significantly reduced at day 7 BP and significantly enhanced at day 10 AP , when NEFA concentration was also significantly increased. Milk yield and ECM value were depressed in +Cr group. DMI and BCS were significantly enhanced in +Cr group at day 7 BP . In conclusion, chromium modulates insulin signalling pathway in dairy cows, but targeted signalling molecules are different in antepartal then post‐partal period, probably due to duration of exposure to chromium and different energy status between those periods.     

Therapeutic potential of amniotic fluid stem cells to treat bilateral ovarian dystrophy in dairy cows in a subtropical region

Amniotic fluid is a rich source of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) have become a new source of stem cells; they have low immunogenicity and are easily harvested. For this reason, they may be useful in clinical tissue engineering. Moreover, AFSCs have anti‐inflammatory properties and can repair tissues. This study evaluated the utility of AFSC injection to treat bilateral ovarian dystrophy in Holstein‐Friesian cows. Bovine AFSCs (BAFSCs) were collected at slaughter from Holstein‐Friesian cows during the third or fourth month of pregnancy and cultured in vitro. The BAFSCs began to show a fibroblast‐like morphology. They were positive for β‐integrin, CD44, CD73, CD106 and Oct4 and negative for CD34 and CD45. After induction, the cells differentiated into mesodermal lineages. Bilateral ovarian dystrophy was confirmed by ultrasonography in 16 lactating cows. The subsequent experiment lasted 15 weeks. Serum was collected weekly to analyse progesterone concentrations, and weekly ultrasonography recorded ovarian changes. Each cow was equipped with an automatic heat detection system to facilitate oestrus observation and breeding records. The progesterone concentration of two cows in the treatment group (25%) significantly increased during weeks 10–15. On ultrasonography, the treatment group demonstrated mature follicles after BAFSCs injection, and foetuses were visualized approximately 40 days after artificial insemination (AI). Oestrus rates in the control and treatment groups were 0% (0/8) and 50% (4/8), respectively; pregnancy rates were 0% (0/8) and 25% (2/8), respectively. Calves were successfully delivered in both cases of pregnancy. These results show that BAFSCs can alleviate bovine ovarian dystrophy and restore fertility.